The Innovation ｜ 国家植物园：全球植物多样性保护的观察哨和排头兵

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　　多样性的植物为人类提供干净的空气、清洁的水、丰富的食物、稳定的气候和舒适的环境。由于人类干扰和气候变化，再加上植物自身的繁殖障碍，全球约20–25%的植物受到不同程度的威胁，进而威胁人类的生存。国际社会逐渐认识到“抢救植物就是拯救人类自身”，世界各国均采取相应措施来保护各自和全球的生物多样性，联合国也制订了《生物多样性公约》，以促进生物多样性保护、恢复与可持续利用，实现人与自然和谐发展。

　　图1 华南国家植物园（上）和英国皇家邱植物园（下）的温室保育了数千种珍稀濒危植物

　　植物园是主要从事植物保护、科学研究、园林园艺、自然教育和资源利用的机构。在应对植物多样性逐渐丧失问题上，植物园可以提供重要的科学支持、技术指导和材料支撑。近几十年来，国家植物园已是全球的植物多样性迁地保护中心及前沿哨所，在协调保护和发展中发挥着重要作用，也在履行《生物多样性公约》中发挥重要作用。

　　目前全球有约4500个植物园，其中43个国家和地区建有80多个国家植物园。中国于2022年在北京和广州分别设立了国家植物园和华南国家植物园，下一步将对接国际标准，推动构建包含10–12个国家植物园的中国特色、世界一流、万物和谐的国家植物园体系。

　　在加强研究的过程中，发达国家的国家植物园往往侧重于全面的生物多样性保护和环境教育。相比之下，发展中国家的国家植物园的保护和环境教育有所进展，但研究能力较弱。

　　国家植物园是代表国家植物保护和研究水平的植物园，其主要功能就是对植物多样性进行保护、研究、科普和利用。国家植物园的核心工作是，采取就地保护和迁地保护的方式，解除植物受到的胁迫，传递给公众保护植物理念，同时开发并利用花卉果蔬类、药用保健类、作物品种及其野生近缘种类、环境改善类、工业原料类资源植物。

　　国家植物园的全球使命包括：防止全球植物物种和遗传多样性丧失；防止全球生态系统进一步退化；使公众认识到植物多样性的价值及面临的威胁；以实际行动改善全球自然环境并可持续利用自然资源。从国家植物园的全球使命可以看出，国家植物园可在这些国际社会共同面临的问题上协同作用。

　　In the protection, restoration and utilization of global plant diversity, the National Botanical Garden can establish international, regional and national partnerships, formulate and support international protection policies, and strengthen global plant protection capabilities. For example, the global plant protection strategy (2022-2030) being promoted by the International Botanical Garden Conservation Union: cataloguing, evaluating and sharing information on global plant diversity to protect rare and endangered plants; Formulate unified standards for plant diversity protection; Collect and ex-situ protect the genetic diversity of as many species and important species as possible in botanical gardens; Formulate and implement plans for the return of rare species and the restoration of ecosystems.

　　In response to climate change, the National Botanical Garden can protect species sensitive to climate change by ex situ; Assess and promote the benefits of biodiversity to sustainable development, natural disaster prevention and adaptation to climate change; Share information on the impact of climate change on plants; Provide ten golden rules for planting native plants to guide the improvement of carbon sequestration, biodiversity and economic benefits of artificial afforestation.

　　In supporting sustainable development, the National Botanical Garden can study and utilize plants valuable for human welfare; Carry out natural education and scientific literacy popularization in botanical gardens and communities to raise public awareness of the value of plant diversity and take action.

　　National Botanical Gardens need a global framework for plant protection policies, programs and priority areas. National Botanical Gardens can also develop global partners and play an alliance role in plant diversity protection, and can also provide advice on national biodiversity action plans and specific laws. The ex-situ conservation system led by the National Botanical Garden should find an appropriate "niche" in the global biodiversity protection, and this niche can play a "1+1>2" role in the plant diversity protection by developing global partnerships and alliances.

　　National Botanical Garden needs innovation to play its protective role. The International Union for Botanical Garden Protection has put forward the International Agenda for Botanical Garden Protection, which advocates that global botanical gardens should encourage people to jointly meet global challenges in terms of protecting plants, sharing knowledge and resources, and public participation and education. In the planning of 2021-2030, the Royal Qiu Botanical Garden in the United Kingdom proposed that Qiu Garden would provide scientific knowledge and solutions to protect biodiversity and make sustainable use of natural resources, inspire people to protect the natural world, train the next generation of experts, expand the influence of the organization, and influence international public opinion and national policies. South China National Botanical Garden proposes research, protection and sustainable utilization of plant resources to support green development (Figure 1). Facing the demand of biodiversity conservation, the national botanical gardens in the world are now using artificial intelligence and big data analysis, tools of conservation genetics, gene editing and ecological restoration to protect, utilize and popularize plants.

　　总结与展望

　　每个植物园的定位和能力不同，但是，全球植物园能在国际植物园组织和国家植物园引领下，在全球生物多样性保护2020后框架下工作，通过创新体制机制，可以遏制植物物种与遗传多样性的丧失和全球自然环境的进一步恶化，从而实现至2050年的全球生物多样性保护目标：与自然和谐共处，生物多样性价值被承认、保护、恢复和持续利用，积极应对气候变化，最终实现全球生态安全和可持续发展。

　　责任编辑

　　杨? ?阳? ? ?郑州大学

　　公丕昌? ? ?中国科学院植物研究所

　　本文内容来自Cell Press合作期刊The Innovation第四卷第五期以Editorial发表的“National botanical gardens at the forefront of global plant diversity conservation” (投稿: 2023-04-26；接收: 2023-07-05；在线刊出: 2023-07-06)。

　　DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.xinn.2023.100478

　　引用格式：Ren H., and Antonelli A. (2023). National botanical gardens at the forefront of global plant diversity conservation. The Innovation. 4(5),100478.

　　作者简介

　　任 海，中国科学院华南植物园主任、华南国家植物园研究员。长期从事植被生态恢复和珍稀濒危植物保护研究工作。发现了南亚热带典型人工林下乡土树种定居限制机理及利用护理植物的解除对策，利用生物技术和生态恢复技术集成方法实现了报春苣苔等36种珍稀濒危植物野外种群的生态恢复。发表论文300余篇，其中SCI收录论文150余篇。

　　https://www.scbg.ac.cn/rc/yjy/index_95086.html?json=https://www.scbg.ac.cn/sourcedb_scib_cas/zw/rc/202304/t20230403_6726213.json

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